Advanced timed challenge: In an AP Chemistry thermodynamics setting, use calorimetry, heat transfer, enthalpy, entropy, Hess's law, system/surroundings, and particle-level energy explanations. Which particle-level claim best explains why vaporization has \Delta S > 0? State the setup, compute carefully, and interpret the result.

Advanced timed challenge: In an AP Chemistry thermodynamics setting, use calorimetry, heat transfer, enthalpy, entropy, Hess's law, system/surroundings, and particle-level energy explanations. Use Hess's law: $\text{A} \rightarrow \text{B}$ has ΔH = +30 kJ and $\text{B} \rightarrow \text{C}$ has ΔH = -80 kJ. What is ΔH for $\text{A} \rightarrow \text{C}$? Provide a concise written explanation.

Advanced timed challenge: In an AP Chemistry thermodynamics setting, use calorimetry, heat transfer, enthalpy, entropy, Hess's law, system/surroundings, and particle-level energy explanations. A student reports \Delta S = 0.120 kJ/(mol·K) and T = 300 K. What is T\Delta S? State the setup, compute carefully, and interpret the result.

Advanced timed challenge: In an AP Chemistry thermodynamics setting, use calorimetry, heat transfer, enthalpy, entropy, Hess's law, system/surroundings, and particle-level energy explanations. For an exothermic reaction with \Delta S > 0, what is true about thermodynamic favorability? Provide a concise written explanation.

Advanced timed challenge: In an AP Chemistry thermodynamics setting, use calorimetry, heat transfer, enthalpy, entropy, Hess's law, system/surroundings, and particle-level energy explanations. A coffee-cup calorimeter contains 100.0 g of water. The temperature rises from 22.0°C to 28.5°C. Calculate q for the water. Use c = 4.184 J/(g·°C). State the setup, compute carefully, and interpret the result.

Advanced timed challenge: In an AP Chemistry thermodynamics setting, use calorimetry, heat transfer, enthalpy, entropy, Hess's law, system/surroundings, and particle-level energy explanations. A reaction releases 45 kJ of heat at constant pressure. What is the sign of \Delta H for the reaction system? Provide a concise written explanation.